Assignent Solutionnurs

This week discussion was about: Discuss how epidemiologic methods are used to evaluate Healthy People 2030 objectives.
I have to answer to two of my classmates discussion post.
Classmate 1 discussion:
Nola & Janet (2019) describe epidemiology as a sector in medicine that works in accordance with the incidence, distribution, and potential management of diseases. Healthy People 2030 aims to provide resources such as links to objectives and their types to improve health over the next decade (ODPHP, 09 February 2022). For example, the world today still faces threats such as COVID-19. The resourceful website links individuals to their objectives that provide ways to fight against the COVID-19 virus and other communicable diseases. One method of epidemiologic investigation is the analytic epidemiology that studies determinants of disease or health-related outcomes as compared to descriiptive epidemiology methods used to expose findings of possible causes of disease as well as, (Schmidt & Brown, 2019). Epidemiologic methods help evaluate Healthy People 2030 objectives by eliminating health disparities, attaining healthy equity and literacy to develop better health and overall well-being (ODPHP, 09 February 2022). An example from the category listed that I have chosen is HealthCare-Associated Infections. With more than half-million of Americans acquiring healthcare-related infections, the goal is to reduce the number of incidences by prevention and treatments, more specifically, the reduction of C.diff infections acquired in the clinical setting – HAI-01 (ODPHP, 09 February 2022). Case-control studies would be appropriate because this design sample aggregates with the acquired infection and those without. Both groups can benefit from education and ways to prevent HAI. An advantage to this design is the short amount of time required to sample to identify probable outcomes (Schmidt & Brown, 2019). Limited to examine one disease per study, case-control studies may have systematic errors, for example, recall bias-increasing the chances of those with the end result will recall and report incidences to individuals without the outcome leading to associations between exposure and disease rather than exposures and outcomes (Schmidt & Brown, 2019)
References
Brown, J.M & Schmidt, N.A. (2019). Evidence-Based Practice For Nurses. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2022, February 09). Healthy People 2030. Retrieved from U.S Department of Health and Human Services: http://health.gov/healthypeople
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2022, February 09). Healthy People 2030. Retrieved from U.S Department of Health and Human Services: https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/health-care-associated-infections
Classmate 2 discussion:
In Healthy People 2030 their core objectives are core or measurable objectives associated with targets for the decade. Epidemiologic methods are used to quantify health outcomes and thus set objective goals to be met. Some of these methods include count data, ratios, proportions, and rates which are used to describe and compare populations. An example of a study is regarding the prevalence and descriiptive epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the U.S. This study was conducted as a multistate, population-based retrospective study. The purpose of the study was to examine the prevalence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, by conducting this study on one of the largest samples and longest period of examination ever, for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The study was designed as a descriiptive study, meaning that it examines the distribution of disease in a population in terms of person, place and time. This design focuses on determining the subgroup at highest risk of disease or the outcome of interest. This study concluded that infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis prevalence has decreased more recently in the US, in addition to further analysis that demonstrated associations with several infant and parental characteristics (Kapoor, Kancherla, Cao, Oleson,Suhl,Canfield,Druschel,Kirby,Meyer, & Romitti, 2019). The advantage of the descriiptive study is that it examines the distribution of disease where it originated, what type of patient does it affect primarily, and in what point in time. In contrast to analytical study that focuses on investigating the determinants of the disease, by hypothesis testing to identify the cause of the disease or health related outcomes. As a result the descriiptive study lacks identifying what is causing the disease (Schmidt & Brown, 2017) .
Reference
Kapoor, R., Kancherla, V., Cao, Y., Oleson, J., Suhl, J., Canfield, M. A., Druschel, C. M., Kirby, R. S., Meyer, R. E., & Romitti, P. A. (2019). Prevalence and descriiptive epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the United States: A multistate, population-based retrospective study, 1999-2010. Birth defects research, 111(3), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1439
Schmidt, N. A., & Brown, J. M. (2017). Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses: Appraisal and Application of Research (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.