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Please respond to this post and provide additional insight that might be useful and appropriate for the issue addressed. Use your learning resources and/or evidence from the literature to support your position. What is Prediabetes? Prediabetes is a precursor before the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Adults with prediabetes often may show no signs or symptoms of diabetes but will have blood sugar levels higher than normal. The normal blood glucose level is between 70 mg/dL to 99 mg/dL. In patients with prediabetes, you can expect to see blood glucose levels elevated between 110 mg/dL to – 125 mg/dL (Alvarez et al., 2022). However, these levels do not meet the required criteria for a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. According to Mayo clinic, Prediabetes is a serious health condition. Prediabetes puts you at increased risk of developing type II diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Warning signs of prediabetes Increased hunger, frequent urination, dehydration or constant thirst. Symptoms Prediabetes doesn’t usually have any signs or symptoms. One possible sign of prediabetes is darkened skin on certain parts of the body. Affected areas can include the neck, armpits and groin. Risk factors • Weight. Being overweight is a primary risk factor for prediabetes. The more fatty tissue you have — especially inside and between the muscle and skin around your abdomen — the more resistant your cells become to insulin. Waist size. A large waist size can indicate insulin resistance. The risk of insulin resistance goes up for men with waists larger than 40 inches and for women with waists larger than 35 inches. Diet. Eating red meat and processed meat, and drinking sugar-sweetened beverages, is associated with a higher risk of prediabetes. Inactivity. The less active you are, the greater your risk of prediabetes. Age. Although diabetes can develop at any age, the risk of prediabetes increases after age 45. Family history. Your risk of prediabetes increases if you have a parent or sibling with type II diabetes. Race or ethnicity. Although it’s unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are more likely to develop prediabetes. Gestational diabetes. If you had diabetes while pregnant (gestational diabetes), you and your child are at higher risk of developing prediabetes. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Women with this common condition — characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity — have a higher risk of prediabetes. Sleep. People with obstructive sleep apnea — a condition that disrupts sleep repeatedly — have an increased risk of insulin resistance. People who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea. Tobacco smoke. Smoking may increase insulin resistance and can increase the risk of type II diabetes in people with prediabetes. Smoking also increases your risk of complications from diabetes. Other conditions associated with an increased risk of prediabetes include: High blood pressure Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the “good” cholesterol High levels of triglycerides — a type of fat in your blood Diagnostic testing The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that diabetes screening for most adults begin at age 45. The ADA advises diabetes screening before age 45 if you’re overweight and have additional risk factors for prediabetes or type II diabetes. Screening should start between ages 30 to 45 and repeated at least every 3 years. In high-risk patients, you can initiate screening earlier and follow-up more frequently. 12-hour Fasting blood glucose levels: Blood glucose levels fall between 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL it is diagnostic of prediabetes. Two-hour glucose tolerance test: this test will measure blood glucose levels before and after ingestion of 75 g of glucose solution; if the test shows blood glucose levels that fall between 140 mg/dL to 199 mg/dL, it is diagnostic of prediabetes. A glycated hemoglobin test (also known as hemoglobin A1C) measures the average blood glucose level over the last 2 to 3 months. If it falls between 5.7% and 6.4%, it is diagnostic of prediabetes. A random plasma glucose test measures blood glucose levels at any time; if the blood glucose levels fall between 140 mg/dL to -199 mg/dL, it may be indicative of prediabetes. This test will require a follow-up test to be accurate. Treatments Healthy lifestyle choices can help you bring your blood sugar level back to normal, or at least keep it from rising toward the levels seen in type II diabetes. To prevent prediabetes from progressing to type II diabetes, try to: Eat healthy foods. A diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains and olive oil is associated with a lower risk of prediabetes. Choose foods low in fat and calories and high in fiber. Eat a variety of foods to help you achieve your goals without compromising taste or nutrition. Be more active. Physical activity helps you control your weight, uses up sugar for energy and helps the body use insulin more effectively. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous exercise. Lose excess weight. If you’re overweight, losing just 5% to 7% of your body weight — about 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) if you weigh 200 pounds (91 kilograms) — can significantly reduce the risk of type II diabetes. To keep your weight in a healthy range, focus on permanent changes to your eating and exercise habits. Stop smoking. Stopping smoking can improve the way insulin works, improving your blood sugar level. Take medications as needed. If you’re at high risk of diabetes, your health care provider might recommend metformin (Glumetza). Medications to control cholesterol and high blood pressure might also be prescribed. Preventions According to USPSTF recommendation, Healthy lifestyle choices can help you prevent prediabetes and its progression to type II diabetes — even if diabetes runs in your family. These include: Eating healthy foods Getting active Losing excess weight Controlling your blood pressure and cholesterol Not smoking References Alvarez, S., Coffey, R., & Algotar, A. (2022, May 12). Prediabetes. StatPearls. https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/27611 Prediabetes – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic. (2020, September 22). Mayo Clinic – Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355284 Prediabetes – Symptoms and causes. (2020, September 22). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355278 USPSTF recommendation: Screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. (2021, August 24). JAMA Network | Home of JAMA and the Specialty Journals of the American Medical Association. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2783414