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Essay Problem
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Context 1.0: Bodenhausen, Macrae, and Sherman (1999) suggest stereotype avoidance requires more more time, focus, and effort than stereotype reliance (i.e., Gunn-type thinking) and much less time, focus, and effort than individuation (i.e., Drew-like thinking).
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Recall from Bodenhausen et al.’s (1999) “On the Dialectics of Discrimination” that:
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Stereotypes are a consequence of social judgment and general impression formation heuristics1 that lead to stereotype reliance (Bodenhausen et al., 1999, p. 273) and, we might suggest, reinforce contagious understanding (Fernbach in TEDx Talks, 2017) and hegemony (Williams, 1983).2
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Social accountability pressures and a number of cognitive factors (e.g., competing mental demands, complexity, too much information, too little information) moderate whether we rely on or avoid stereotypes (Bodenhausen et al., 1999, pp. 273-276).
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Stereotype avoidance takes form through “stereotype inhibition and correction,” but is much more likely to occur through the “controlled inhibition of stereotypic thoughts” (Bodenhausen et al., 1999, pp. 283-284; my emphasis).
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Context 2.0: Imagine you are an Arizona Board of Behavioral Health Examiners (Links to an external site.)-licensed counselor or Arizona Board of Psychologist Examiners (Links to an external site.)-licensed psychologist in a science-based private practice. In previous sessions, your client, first-year Arizona State University biomedical informatics major Emma Doyle (not a real person), has discussed feeling pressure from both her new room mate and one other new friend on campus to stop referring to “the Native American culture,” asking if the government pays their tuition, and using the past tense when sharing what she is certain she knows about their race. She also has told you her faith calls her to practice humility, but she now struggles with what to say in conversations with her new friends.
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Home | Board of Psychologist Examiners
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She says she feels like she’s walking on eggshells and is experiencing anxiety when thinking about returning to her dorm room.
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Problem: Assume you know nothing more about her two friends other than what she has disclosed in session and you are not an expert on anything to do with race in the U.S. but recognize your client is stereotype reliant. Create a script for a conversation between a licensed counselor or psychologist and Ms. Doyle in which the licensed mental health professional:
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Explains both stereotype reliance and stereotype avoidance to Ms. Doyle.
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Guides Ms. Doyle toward embracing stereotype avoidance in her next encounter with these new friends.
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Offers Ms. Doyle 2-3 questions or lines of inquiry she might use in place of her responses that have elicited the icky feelings she is experiencing.
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Endnotes
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1 Recall Chaehan So’s mental harmony puzzle and its selective perception (in TEDx Talks, 2015).
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2 It is through culture that stereotypes become hegemonic and stereotype reliance is socially acceptable, as Raymond Williams (1977; 1983) on culture and hegemony suggests, which means that it is through culture that hegemony (i.e., stereotype reliance) changes.
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References
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Bodenhausen, G. V., Macrae, C. N., & Sherman, J. W. (1999). On the dialectics of discrimination: Dual processes in social stereotyping. In S. Chaiken, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology (pp. 271-290). New York, NY: Guilford.
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TEDx Talks. (2015, January 12). Why we are wrong when we think we are right [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/nVRco_eLjdc.
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TEDx Talks. (2017, September 13). Why do we believe things that aren’t true? [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/jobYTQTgeUE.
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Williams, R. (1977). Marxism and literature. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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Williams, R. (1983). Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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